tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-58569483842150975152024-03-05T08:36:27.556-08:00Training programeUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger68125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5856948384215097515.post-26234314252690864962009-05-06T06:24:00.001-07:002009-05-06T06:24:49.454-07:00Swine influenza frequently asked questions* What is swine influenza?<br />* What are the implications for human health?<br />* Where have human cases occurred?<br />* How do people become infected?<br />* Is it safe to eat pork and pork products?<br />* Which countries have been affected by outbreaks in pigs?<br />* What about the pandemic risk?<br />* Is there a human vaccine to protect from swine influenza?<br />* What drugs are available for treatment?<br />* What should I do if I am in regular contact with pigs?<br />* How can I protect myself from getting swine influenza from infected people?<br />* What should I do if I think I have swine influenza?<br /><br /><br />What is swine influenza?<br /><br />Swine influenza, or “swine flu”, is a highly contagious acute respiratory disease of pigs, caused by one of several swine influenza A viruses. Morbidity tends to be high and mortality low (1-4%). The virus is spread among pigs by aerosols, direct and indirect contact, and asymptomatic carrier pigs. Outbreaks in pigs occur year round, with an increased incidence in the autumn and winter in temperate zones. Many countries routinely vaccinate swine populations against swine influenza.<br /><br />Swine influenza viruses are most commonly of the H1N1 subtype, but other subtypes are also circulating in pigs (e.g., H1N2, H3N1, H3N2). Pigs can also be infected with avian influenza viruses and human seasonal influenza viruses as well as swine influenza viruses. The H3N2 swine virus was thought to have been originally introduced into pigs by humans. Sometimes pigs can be infected with more than one virus type at a time, which can allow the genes from these viruses to mix. This can result in an influenza virus containing genes from a number of sources, called a "reassortant" virus. Although swine influenza viruses are normally species specific and only infect pigs, they do sometimes cross the species barrier to cause disease in humans.<br /><br />What are the implications for human health?<br /><br />Outbreaks and sporadic human infection with swine influenza have been occasionally reported. Generally clinical symptoms are similar to seasonal influenza but reported clinical presentation ranges broadly from asymptomatic infection to severe pneumonia resulting in death.<br /><br />Since typical clinical presentation of swine influenza infection in humans resembles seasonal influenza and other acute upper respiratory tract infections, most of the cases have been detected by chance through seasonal influenza surveillance. Mild or asymptomatic cases may have escaped from recognition; therefore the true extent of this disease among humans is unknown.<br /><br />Where have human cases occurred?<br /><br />Since the implementation of IHR(2005)1 in 2007, WHO has been notified of swine influenza cases from the United States and Spain.<br /><br />How do people become infected?<br /><br />Humans usually contract swine influenza from infected pigs, however, some cases lack contact history with pigs or environments where pigs have been located. Human-to-human transmission has occurred in some instances but was limited to close contacts and closed groups of people.<br /><br />Is it safe to eat pork and pork products?<br /><br />Yes. Swine influenza has not been shown to be transmissible to people through eating properly handled and prepared pork (pig meat) or other products derived from pigs. The swine influenza virus is killed by cooking temperatures of 160°F/70°C, corresponding to the general guidance for the preparation of pork and other meat.<br /><br />Which countries have been affected by outbreaks in pigs?<br /><br />Swine influenza is not notifiable to international animal health authorities (OIE, www.oie.int), therefore its international distribution in animals is not well known. The disease is considered endemic in the United States. Outbreaks in pigs are also known to have occurred in North America, South America, Europe (including the UK, Sweden, and Italy), Africa (Kenya), and in parts of eastern Asia including China and Japan.<br /><br />What about the pandemic risk?<br /><br />It is likely that most people, especially those who do not have regular contact with pigs, do not have immunity to swine influenza viruses that can prevent the virus infection. If a swine virus establishes efficient human-to human transmission, it can cause an influenza pandemic. The impact of a pandemic caused by such a virus is difficult to predict: it depends on virulence of the virus, existing immunity among people, cross protection by antibodies acquired from seasonal influenza infection and host factors.<br /><br />Is there a human vaccine to protect against swine influenza?<br /><br />There are no vaccines that contain the current swine influenza virus causing illness in humans. It is not known whether current human seasonal influenza vaccines can provide any protection. Influenza viruses change very quickly. It is important to develop a vaccine against the currently circulating virus strain for it to provide maximum protection to the vaccinated people. This is why WHO needs access to as many viruses as possible in order to select the most appropriate candidate vaccine virus.<br /><br />What medicines are available for treatment?<br /><br />There are two classes of such medicines, 1) adamantanes (amantadine and remantadine), and 2) inhibitors of influenza neuraminidase (oseltamivir and zanamivir).<br /><br />Most of the previously reported swine influenza cases recovered fully from the disease without requiring medical attention and without antiviral medicines.<br /><br />Some influenza viruses develop resistance to the antiviral medicines, limiting the effectiveness of treatment. The viruses obtained from the recent human cases with swine influenza in the United States are sensitive to oselatmivir and zanamivir but resistant to amantadine and remantadine.<br /><br />Information is insufficient to make recommendations on the use of the antivirals in treatment of swine influenza virus infection. Clinicians should make decisions based on the clinical and epidemiological assessment and harms and benefits of the treatment of the patient2. For the ongoing outbreak of the swine influenza infection in the United States and Mexico, national and local authorities are recommending use oseltamivir or zanamivir for treatment of the disease based on the virus’s susceptibility profile.<br /><br />What should I do if I am in regular contact with pigs?<br /><br />Even though there is no clear indication that the current human cases with swine influenza infection are related to recent or ongoing influenza-like disease events in pigs, it would be advisable to minimize contact with sick pigs and report such animals to relevant animal health authorities.<br /><br />Most people are infected through prolonged, close contact with infected pigs. Good hygiene practices are essential in all contact with animals and are especially important during slaughter and post-slaughter handling to prevent exposure to disease agents. Sick animals or animals that died from disease should not be undergoing slaughtering procedures. Follow further advice from relevant national authorities.<br /><br />Swine influenza has not been shown to be transmissible to people through eating properly handled and prepared pork (pig meat) or other products derived from pigs. The swine influenza virus is killed by cooking temperatures of 160°F/70°C corresponding to the general guidance for the preparation of pork and other meat.<br /><br />How can I protect myself from getting swine influenza from infected people?<br /><br />In the past, human infection with swine influenza was generally mild but is known to have caused severe illness such as pneumonia For the current outbreaks in the United States and Mexico however, the clinical pictures have been different. None of the confirmed cases in the United States have had the severe form of the disease and the patients recovered from illness without requiring medical care. In Mexico, some patients reportedly had the severe form of the disease.<br /><br />To protect yourself, practice general preventive measures for influenza:<br /><br />* Avoid close contact with people who appear unwell and who have fever and cough.<br />* Wash your hands with soap and water frequently and thoroughly.<br />* Practice good health habits including adequate sleep, eating nutritious food, and keeping physically active.<br /><br />If there is an ill person at home:<br /><br />* Try to provide the ill person a separate section in the house. If this is not possible, keep the patient at least 1 meter in distance from others.<br />* Cover mouth and nose when caring for the ill person. Masks can be bought commercially or made using the readily available materials as long as they are disposed of or cleaned properly.<br />* Wash your hands with soap and water thoroughly after each contact with the ill person.<br />* Try to improve the air flow in the area where the ill person stays. Use doors and windows to take advantage of breezes.<br />* Keep the environment clean with readily available household cleaning agents.<br /><br />If you are living in a country where swine influenza has caused disease in humans, follow additional advice from national and local health authorities.<br /><br />What should I do if I think I have swine influenza?<br /><br />If you feel unwell, have high fever, cough and/or sore throat:<br /><br />* Stay at home and keep away from work, school or crowds as much as possible.<br />* Rest and take plenty of fluids.<br />* Cover your mouth and nose with disposable tissues when coughing and sneezing and dispose of the used tissues properly.<br />* Wash your hands with soap and water frequently and thoroughly, especially after coughing or sneezing.<br />* Inform family and friends about your illness and seek help for household chores that require contact with other people such as shopping.<br /><br />If you need medical attention:<br /><br />* Contact your doctor or healthcare provider before travelling to see them and report your symptoms. Explain why you think you have swine influenza (for example, if you have recently travelled to a country where there is a swine influenza outbreak in humans). Follow the advice given to you for care.<br />* If it is not possible to contact your healthcare provider in advance, communicate your suspicion of having swine influenza immediately upon arrival at the healthcare facility.<br />* Take care to cover your nose and mouth during travel.<br /><br />Source: WHO<div class="blogger-post-footer">************************************************************</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5856948384215097515.post-72809701331603092232009-05-06T06:13:00.000-07:002009-05-06T06:23:18.947-07:00WHO guidance for the surveillance of human infection with A(H1N1) virusThe audiences for this guidance document are the National Focal Points for the International Health Regulations (IHR(2005)) and competent national public health authorities. The primary focus of this guidance document is global surveillance. It also gives some suggestions on the types of signals that Member States and IHR States Parties can capture in their event-based<br />surveillance. These signals can aid identification of individuals for whom investigation of swine influenza A(H1N1) virus infection is warranted.<br />This is an interim WHO guidance on the global surveillance of the emerging swine influenza A(H1N1) virus infection. This is a living document that will be reviewed on a weekly basis and modified in accordance with changes in the epidemiology of this virus. As the event evolves, there will be a need to switch surveillance activities to the longer-term monitoring of the<br />disease. WHO will alert countries when a change in surveillance objectives and methods occurs. WHO’s data requirements will remain as flexible as possible to accommodate different surveillance systems and reporting capacity around the world. This document will form part of a suite of guidance documents being produced by WHO in response to this public health emergency of international concern as determined by the Director General of WHO on 25 April 2009. New influenza virus sub-types and clusters of unknown and unusual disease are notifiable to WHO in accordance with the Annex 2 decision instrument of the IHR (2005). At this early stage of the outbreak of swine influenza A(H1N1) virus, the main aims of surveillance are the early warning of virus spread and laboratory confirmation of virus<br />circulating in new geographical areas and countries. Accordingly, WHO encourages all Member States and IHR States Parties to enhance their surveillance and diagnostic capacity for influenza and other acute respiratory infections, building on exiting surveillance structure and resources. Objectives of enhanced global surveillance for human infections with swine influenza A(H1N1) virus Specific objectives of this surveillance activity are to guide global prevention and control activities through the following actions:<br />1. Detect and confirm cases of swine influenza A(H1N1) virus infection<br />2. Establish the extent of international spread of swine influenza A(H1N1) virus infection<br />3. Assist in the early severity assessment of the disease<br />Case definitions for infections with swine influenza A(H1N1) Virus<br />In order to understand the spectrum of severity of the disease caused by swine influenza<br />A(H1N1) virus infection , the clinical case description includes both mild form of influenza-like illness (ILI) and more severe forms (lower respiratory tract infections including pneumonia and severe acute respiratory illness (SARI)). In addition, asymptomatic laboratory-confirmed<br />infections should be reported. The following case definitions are for the purpose of reporting probable and confirmed cases of swine influenza A(H1N1) virus infection to WHO.<br />Clinical case description Acute febrile respiratory illness (fever >38°C ) with the spectrum of disease from influenza-like illness to pneumonia.<br />1. A Confirmed case of swine influenza A(H1N1) virus infection is defined as an individual with laboratory confirmed swine influenza A(H1N1) virus infection by one or more of the following tests*:<br />• real-time RT-PCR<br />• viral culture<br />• four-fold rise in swine influenza A(H1N1) virus specific neutralizing antibodies.<br />2. A Probable case of swine influenza A(H1N1) virus infection is defined as an individual with an influenza test that is positive for influenza A, but is unsubtypable by reagents used to detect seasonal influenza virus infection OR A individual with a clinically compatible illness or who died of an unexplained acute respiratory illness who is considered to be epidemiologically linked to a probable or<br />confirmed case.<br />* Note: The test(s) should be performed according to the most currently available guidance on testing (<a href="http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/en/index.html">http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/en/index.html</a>).<br />Reporting requirements for confirmed and probable cases of swine influenza A(H1N1)<br />Under the IHR (2005), immediate reporting to WHO is required for human influenza due to a new influenza virus sub-type. All information will be treated in accordance with the IHR (2005) provisions. If available, countries should report travel history of case(s). Reports should be sent by the National IHR Focal Point to the relevant WHO IHR Contact Point at the WHO Regional Office, the WHO Country Representative, where applicable, and WHO headquarters in Geneva should be copied on the correspondence<br />(http://www.who.int/csr/alertresponse/ihreventinfo/).<br />Reporting of individual(s) or clusters under investigation for swine influenza A(H1N1) virus infection<br />Countries that identify unusual clusters of acute respiratory illness should immediately notify<br />WHO. These consultations will not be reflected in global statistics until their investigation confirms that they are laboratory-confirmed or probable cases. Definition of cluster<br />A cluster is defined as two or more persons presenting with manifestations of unexplained, acute respiratory illness with fever >38°C or who died of an unexplained respiratory illness and that are detected with onset of illness within a period of 14 days and in the same geographical area and/or are epidemiologically linked.<br />Triggers/signals for the investigation of possible cases of swine influenza A(H1N1). The primary focus of early investigation is to trigger the initial investigation. Specific triggers include:<br />• Clusters of cases of unexplained ILI or acute lower respiratory disease<br />• Severe, unexplained respiratory illness occurring in one or more health care worker(s) who provide care for patients with respiratory disease<br />• Changes in the epidemiology of mortality associated with the occurrence of ILI or lower respiratory tract illness, an increase in deaths observed from respiratory illness or an increase in the occurrence of severe respiratory disease in previously healthy adults or adolescents<br />• Persistent changes noted in the treatment response or outcome of severe lower respiratory illness. Epidemiological risk factors that should raise suspicion of swine influenza A(H1N1) include:<br />• Close contact# to a confirmed case of swine influenza A(H1N1) virus infection while the<br />case was ill<br />• Recent travel to an area where there are confirmed cases of swine influenza A (H1N1) #Close contact: having cared for, lived with, or had direct contact with respiratory secretions or body fluids of a probable or confirmed case of swine influenza A(H1N1). Member States reporting cases of swine influenza A(H1N1) virus infection for the first time As soon as a the National IHR Focal Point or competent national public health authority notifies WHO of the first laboratory-confirmed or probable case(s) of swine influenza A(H1N1), WHO will make available the case summary form and database for the recording of detailed clinical, laboratory and epidemiological data in accordance with WHO pandemic surveillance guidelines. WHO Swine Influenza A(H1N1) Case Summary Form for case-based data collection [pdf 318kb]<br /><a href="http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/swineflu/WHOcasebasedsummaryform.pdf">http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/swineflu/WHOcasebasedsummaryform.pdf</a><br />A(H1N1) daily aggregated indicators [pdf 64kb]<br /><a href="http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/swineflu/AH1N1_daily_aggregated.pdf">http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/swineflu/AH1N1_daily_aggregated.pdf</a><br />WHO also requires information to assess whether sustained community transmission isoccurring. Wherever possible, a detailed exposure history should be collected by Member States and shared with WHO. Member States where cases of swine influenza A(H1N1) virus infection have already been reported Until further notice, the National IHR Focal Points or competent national public health authorities should report to WHO all probable and confirmed cases on a daily basis. Deaths should be reported for both probable and confirmed cases. A reporting format has been posted on the web (link).<br />WHO will present the cumulative number of cases for global reporting back to Member States and the public. This activity will only continue for the initial period of data collection. In order to understand the severity of the disease it is very important that comprehensive data collection and follow up is carried out for all probable and confirmed cases of swine influenza A(H1N1) virus infection. WHO’s data requirements are detailed in the Global Surveillance during an Influenza Pandemic Version 1 Updated draft April 2009 (Comprehensive Assessment, Clinical characteristics: Database of information for 100 cases). A WHO Swine Influenza A(H1N1) Case Summary Form has been posted on the web (Link). Member States are encouraged to report on methods used for the selection of cases for inclusion into the dataset in order to assist the interpretation of any result. Confirmed and probable cases reported are to be attributed to the country or territory in which they are currently located or where they have died.<br />The reported case-based data will be used by WHO to assess the clinical disease spectrum and severity, and guide treatment recommendations.<br />National Influenza Centres and National reference centres should continue to report virologist information to Flu Net.<br />Access to Laboratory Confirmation Countries without current capacity to confirm swine influenza A(H1N1) should contact WHO to arrange access to a laboratory with this capability.<br /><br />Source: WHO<div class="blogger-post-footer">************************************************************</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5856948384215097515.post-49291267133570325302009-05-06T06:07:00.000-07:002009-05-06T06:13:53.770-07:00Swine Flu - Question and answer<p class="MsoNormal"><b>What is Swine Influenza?<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Swine Influenza (swine flu) is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza that regularly cause outbreaks of influenza among pigs. Swine flu viruses cause high levels of illness and low death rates among pigs. Swine influenza viruses may circulate in swine throughout the year, but most outbreaks among swine herds occur during the late fall and winter months similar to humans. The classical swine flu virus (an influenza type A H1N1 virus) was first isolated from a pig in 1930.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>How common is swine flu among pigs?<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">H1N1 and H3N2 swine flu viruses are endemic among pig populations in the United States and something that the industry deals with routinely. Outbreaks among pigs normally occur in colder weather months (late fall and winter) and sometimes with the introduction of new pigs into susceptible herds. Studies have shown that the swine flu H1N1 is common throughout pig populations worldwide, with 25 percent of animals showing antibody evidence of infection. In the U.S. studies have shown that 30 percent of the pig population in the U.S. has antibody evidence of having had H1N1 infection. More specifically, 51 percent of pigs in the northcentral U.S. have been shown to have antibody evidence of infection with swine H1N1. Human infections with swine flu H1N1 viruses are rare. There is currently no way to differentiate antibody produced in response to flu vaccination in pigs from antibody made in response to pig infections with swine H1N1 influenza.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">While H1N1 swine viruses have been known to circulate among pig populations since at least 1930, H3N2 influenza viruses did not begin circulating among US pigs until 1998. The H3N2 viruses initially were<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">introduced into the pig population from humans. The current swine flu H3N2 viruses are closely related to human H3N2 viruses.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>Can humans catch swine flu?<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Swine flu viruses do <b>not </b>normally infect humans. However, sporadic human infections with swine flu have occurred. In the past several years, on average CDC has received about one influenza virus isolate from a human that tests positive for swine flu each year. Most commonly, these cases occur in persons with direct exposure to pigs (workers in the swine industry, for example). In addition, there have been rare documented cases of one person spreading swine flu to others. For example, an outbreak of apparent swine flu infection in pigs in Wisconsin in 1988 resulted in multiple human infections, and, although no community outbreak resulted, there was antibody evidence of virus transmission from the patient to health care workers who had close contact with the patient.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>How does swine flu spread?<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">· Pigs infected with influenza virus have a runny nose, lethargy, cough and decreased appetite. The virus likely spreads from pig to pig through contact with infected mucous secretions. (When the pigs are really sick, their mucous carries high levels of virus.) · Strains of swine flu virus can also be directly transmissible to humans. Most human infections have occurred following direct contact with infected pigs. 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font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; color:windowtext;} .MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>What is Swine Influenza?<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Swine Influenza (swine flu) is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza that regularly cause outbreaks of influenza among pigs. Swine flu viruses cause high levels of illness and low death rates among pigs. Swine influenza viruses may circulate in swine throughout the year, but most outbreaks among swine herds occur during the late fall and winter months similar to humans. The classical swine flu virus (an influenza type A H1N1 virus) was first isolated from a pig in 1930.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>How common is swine flu among pigs?<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">H1N1 and H3N2 swine flu viruses are endemic among pig populations in the United States and something that the industry deals with routinely. Outbreaks among pigs normally occur in colder weather months (late fall and winter) and sometimes with the introduction of new pigs into susceptible herds. Studies have shown that the swine flu H1N1 is common throughout pig populations worldwide, with 25 percent of animals showing antibody evidence of infection. In the U.S. studies have shown that 30 percent of the pig population in the U.S. has antibody evidence of having had H1N1 infection. More specifically, 51 percent of pigs in the northcentral U.S. have been shown to have antibody evidence of infection with swine H1N1. Human infections with swine flu H1N1 viruses are rare. There is currently no way to differentiate antibody produced in response to flu vaccination in pigs from antibody made in response to pig infections with swine H1N1 influenza.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">While H1N1 swine viruses have been known to circulate among pig populations since at least 1930, H3N2 influenza viruses did not begin circulating among US pigs until 1998. The H3N2 viruses initially were<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">introduced into the pig population from humans. The current swine flu H3N2 viruses are closely related to human H3N2 viruses.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>Can humans catch swine flu?<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Swine flu viruses do <b>not </b>normally infect humans. However, sporadic human infections with swine flu have occurred. In the past several years, on average CDC has received about one influenza virus isolate from a human that tests positive for swine flu each year. Most commonly, these cases occur in persons with direct exposure to pigs (workers in the swine industry, for example). In addition, there have been rare documented cases of one person spreading swine flu to others. For example, an outbreak of apparent swine flu infection in pigs in Wisconsin in 1988 resulted in multiple human infections, and, although no community outbreak resulted, there was antibody evidence of virus transmission from the patient to health care workers who had close contact with the patient.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>How does swine flu spread?<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">· Pigs infected with influenza virus have a runny nose, lethargy, cough and decreased appetite. The virus likely spreads from pig to pig through contact with infected mucous secretions. (When the pigs are really sick, their mucous carries high levels of virus.) · Strains of swine flu virus can also be directly transmissible to humans. Most human infections have occurred following direct contact with infected pigs. However, there has been at least one documented case of human to human transmission of swine flu.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>What do we know about human to human spread of swine flu?<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">In September 1988, a previously healthy 32yearold pregnant woman was hospitalized for pneumonia and died 8 days later. A swine H1N1 flu virus was detected. Four days before getting sick, the patient<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">visited a county fair swine exhibition where there was widespread influenza like illness among the swine. In follow up studies, 76% of swine exhibitors tested had antibody evidence of swine flu infection but no serious illnesses were detected among this group. Additional studies suggest that one to three health care personnel who had contact with the patient developed mild influenza like illnesses with antibody evidence of swine flu infection.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>What other examples of swine flu outbreaks are there?<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Probably most well known is an outbreak of swine flu among soldiers in Fort Dix, New Jersey in 1976. The virus caused disease with xray evidence of pneumonia in at least 4 soldiers and 1 death; all of these patients had previously been healthy. The virus was transmitted to close contacts in a basic training environment, with limited transmission outside the basic training group. The virus is thought to have circulated for a month and disappeared. The source of the virus, the exact time of its introduction into Fort Dix, and factors limiting its spread and duration are unknown. The Fort Dix outbreak may have been an animal anomaly caused by introduction of an animal virus into a stressed human population in close contact in crowded facilities during the winter. The swine influenza A virus collected from a Fort Dix soldier was named A/New Jersey/76 (Hsw1N1).<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>How many swine flu viruses are there?<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Like all influenza viruses, swine flu viruses change constantly. Pigs can be infected by avian influenza and human influenza viruses as well as swine flu viruses. When influenza viruses from different species infect pigs, the viruses can reassort (i.e. swap genes) and new viruses that are a mix of swine, human and/or avian influenza viruses can emerge. Over the years, different variations of swine flu viruses have emerged. At this time, there are four main influenza type A virus subtypes that have been isolated in pigs: H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, and H3N1. However, most of the recently isolated influenza viruses from pigs have been H3N2 and H1N1 viruses.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>Is the H1N1 swine flu virus the same as human H1N1 viruses?<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">No. The H1N1 swine flu viruses are antigenically very different from human H1N1 viruses.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>Is there a vaccine for swine flu?<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Vaccines are available to be given to pigs to prevent swine influenza. There is no vaccine to protect humans from swine flu. The seasonal influenza vaccine will likely help provide partial protection against<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">swine H3N2, but not swine H1N1 viruses.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>What are the public health implications of human infections with swine influenza viruses?<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Human infections with animal influenza A viruses against which the human population has little immunity should be investigated to determine the source of infection, and the extent of spread and evidence of human to human transmission. Influenza A viruses new to the human population that are able to efficiently transmit from person to person and cause illness may represent a pandemic threat. Although immunity to swine H1N1 viruses is low in the human population, a high proportion of persons occupationally exposed to pigs (such as pig farmers or pig veterinarians) have been shown in several studies to have antibody evidence of prior swine H1N1 flu infection. And, for swine H1N1 viruses, only rare person to person transmission has been documented in the past. Thus, human infections with swine H1N1 viruses should be investigated particularly when they are detected among non-occupationally exposed persons to ensure that human to human transmission is not occurring and to monitor for changes in circulating viruses and the emergence of novel viruses.<o:p></o:p></p> Because most persons have some antibody to influenza H3N2 viruses since H3N2 viruses occur commonly in humans and because the swine and human H3N2 viruses are similar, swine H3N2 virus infections in humans would not represent a possible pandemic threat.
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<br /><p class="MsoNormal">Source: forqualityoflife.blogspot.com</p><div class="blogger-post-footer">************************************************************</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5856948384215097515.post-52604186220557294972009-05-03T03:03:00.001-07:002009-05-03T03:03:26.934-07:00Who is your real friend?<p> <strong> This really works...! </strong></p><p> <strong>If you don't believe it, just try this experiment: </strong></p><p> <strong> Put your dog and your spouse in the trunk of the car for an hour. </strong></p><p> <strong>When you open the trunk, who is really happy to see you? </strong></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">************************************************************</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5856948384215097515.post-91628139644554719082009-05-03T02:37:00.000-07:002009-05-03T02:38:38.094-07:00lesson for staff - always let the Boss speaks firstOne day a senior manager,junior manager along with their boss were on the way ,they suddenly find an old lamp, one among them rub that one,then one devil appears and says: normally three wishes are fulfilled for one,as you are three let me fill one for each of you...<br />the senior manager with full enthusiasm takes the initiative and asks: I want to be in a ship, away from everyone enjoying the beauty.... then the devil says: pfuffff then Sr. Mgr disappers.<br />Now the junior manager eagerly says: I want to be in florida with beautiful girls,wine and everthing....<br />then the devil says: pfuffff then Jr. Mgr disappers.<br />now the Boss speaks out: he says: I want them back on the work by sharp 12:35pm.<br />moral of the story:always let the Boss speaks first!!!<div class="blogger-post-footer">************************************************************</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5856948384215097515.post-3224403104805050402009-05-03T02:29:00.000-07:002009-05-03T02:33:22.633-07:00Lesson for life (1)Once upon a time there was a little sparrow who, while flying south for the winter, froze solid and fell to the ground. To make matters worse, a cow crapped on him. But the manure was warm and defrosted him. So there he is, warm and happy to be alive and he starts to sing. A cat comes along and he clears off the manure and eats the little bird.<br />The moral of the story is this: Everyone who craps on you is not necessarily your enemy and everyone who gets you out of crap is not necessarily your friend. And if you’re warm and happy no matter where you are, keep your big mouth shut.<div class="blogger-post-footer">************************************************************</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5856948384215097515.post-52224335694170414272009-04-17T19:56:00.000-07:002009-04-17T20:34:16.566-07:00Guitar sheetNatalia:<br /><a href="http://www.mediafire.com/?xy4ujjhe2dk">http://www.mediafire.com/?xy4ujjhe2dk</a><br /><br />Fur Elise (Full version)<br /><a href="http://www.mediafire.com/?wthgtbmmjmb">http://www.mediafire.com/?wthgtbmmjmb</a><br /><br />Ballade pour Adeline<br /><a href="http://www.mediafire.com/?0trymdgbjln">http://www.mediafire.com/?0trymdgbjln</a><div class="blogger-post-footer">************************************************************</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5856948384215097515.post-18752663274768593762009-04-17T19:31:00.000-07:002009-04-17T19:54:28.155-07:00The last hope (chiec la cuoi cung)It's really a nice song.<br />Find guitar sheet for "the last hope" <a href="http://www.mediafire.com/?3zhwp3fmghm">here</a><br /><br />****<br /><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/rnHlfnvqJOI&hl=en&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/rnHlfnvqJOI&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object><br /><br /><script type="text/javascript"><!--<br />google_ad_client = "pub-5135506499668299";<br />/* 468x15, created 12/2/08 */<br />google_ad_slot = "2998361004";<br />google_ad_width = 468;<br />google_ad_height = 15;<br />//--><br /></script><br /><script type="text/javascript"<br />src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"><br /></script><div class="blogger-post-footer">************************************************************</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5856948384215097515.post-10453587082753873332009-04-14T01:26:00.000-07:002009-04-14T01:40:38.435-07:00Mariage d'amour (Wedding of Love)Mariage d'amour-Wedding of Love for Classic Guitar<br /><br /><a href="http://www.4shared.com/file/98459340/35092e88/damour.html">http://www.4shared.com/file/98459340/35092e88/damour.html</a><br /><br />Watch video of Mariage d'amour at: <br /><br /><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/GmVYoSQsgQc&hl=en&fs=1"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/GmVYoSQsgQc&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object><div class="blogger-post-footer">************************************************************</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5856948384215097515.post-10380002477726912592009-04-14T00:59:00.000-07:002009-04-14T01:26:21.701-07:00Guitar sheetClassic guitar sheet download<br />Mi favorita<br />Please find the link bellow:<br /><a href="http://www.mediafire.com/?x2nhktd9jfn">http://www.mediafire.com/?x2nhktd9jfn</a><br /><a href="http://www.4shared.com/file/98458245/fc1dd755/Mi_Favorita.html">http://www.4shared.com/file/98458245/fc1dd755/Mi_Favorita.html</a><br /><br />Enjoy it!<div class="blogger-post-footer">************************************************************</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5856948384215097515.post-16594889053877456562009-02-14T20:03:00.000-08:002009-02-14T20:16:25.176-08:00Factoory cleaning procedure (p1)<span style="font-weight:bold;">Purpose</span><br />To define the methods, frequency and the intensity of Factory Cleaning.<br />The PURPOSE of cleaning is to remove debris from within the plant in a sanitary and effective manner and avoid contamination from dust or foreign materials. Correct equipment and correct cleaning practice are two critical factors in the successful operation of Cleanroom management. If these two factors are closely adhered to, the Cleanroom can be maintained within acceptable limits.<br /><br />Scope<br />1. The cleanliness of Production equipment is the responsibility of the Production staff <br />2. The floors, walls, sinks and windows in the Production areas, Office areas, Change rooms,<br />Workshops, Laboratories, Stores, Canteens, plus the toilet facilities and the Cleaner’s Store are to be cleaned on a regular basis by a team of Cleaners. Additional areas requiring cleaning, such as return air grilles, ceilings and ductwork are also the responsibility of the Cleaners on liaison with the Cleaning Coordinator.<br />3. Certain area of rubbish removal is the responsibility of the Cleaners. These are specified in Section 7.<br />4. This procedure does not provide external window cleaning and treatment of ants and spiders.<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />EHS Statement</span><br />When mopping, avoid creating large, wet, slippery areas.<br />Protective eye wear/safety glasses are to be used when: Handling chemicals, i.e. Formaldehyde<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Set up limited access areas:</span><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">RED areas</span> - Environmental Grade B<br />The next most stringent requirements apply in ENVIRONMENTAL GRADE B areas - Sterile Manufacture.<br />These rooms must be wet mopped and not polished, avoiding aeration of dust/particles, etc. <br />This work should preferably be carried out after production has stopped, but should production be in progress, approval MUST be obtained before commencing. <br />Cleaners must 'scrub-up' and dress in Sterile uniforms. Only adequately trained Cleaners are to enter ENVIRONMENTAL GRADE B areas, i.e. successful completion of sterile training<br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">YELLOW areas</span> - Environmental Grade C<br /><br />Areas of product manufacture and or component preparation.<br />Liquid manufacture and Equipment preparation. <br />Component and Equipment Preparation room.<br />NOTE:<br />Limited access to correctly dressed staff for these areas. Cleaning<br />equipment is dedicated to these areas. Only adequately trained cleaners are to enter environmental Grade C areas.<br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">BLUE areas</span> - Environmental Grade D<br />Areas in which sealed product is handled. Uniforms and hats are to be worn at all times for these areas.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">GREEN areas</span> - ENVIRONMENTAL GRADE E<br />There are many other areas not included in the Production Environmental Grades, which must be kept clean for sanitation and staff comfort. Uniforms are not essential in these areas:<br />* Warehouse/Stores )<br />* Plant Service areas ) Environmental Grades E<br />* Laboratories )<br />* Change rooms and toilets<br />* Canteen<br />* Offices<br />* Corridors<br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">To be continued...</span><div class="blogger-post-footer">************************************************************</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5856948384215097515.post-936004180490041572009-02-14T19:38:00.000-08:002009-02-14T19:55:01.996-08:00Car washing procedure1. Brush, vacuum, and clean the interior. Either prior to, after, or on the same day.<br />2. Clean wheels and tires. To avoid splash back from the wheels. Also, use tire brushes and never use them for the body of the car!<br />3. Wash exterior<br />4. Apply tire dressing<br />5. Polish wheels<br />6. Clean & Treat exterior trim<br />7. Polish and then wax exterior paints<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Washing the Paintwork</span><br /><br />In order to avoid deep scratches, the vehicle must be rinsed thoroughly before a sponge is applied. To do this, always begin at the top of the vehicle and rinse down. If the weather is particularly hot that day, the process will most likely require repeating, even after just a few minutes. Always make sure that the section of the vehicle that is being washed is wet. If possible park the car in a shady area. Also, morning or afternoon are preferable times.<br /><br />Pour a liberal amount of soap into the bucket (making sure it is free of debris first) and then fill it up with water. Follow the manufacturers recommended instructions for which quantities of soap and water to use. Dip the sponge into the water and wait for it to absorb as much soapy water as it can. Squeeze the sponge repeatedly while swirling it around in the water. Squeeze excess water out of the sponge and then apply it to the roof of the vehicle. Always wipe the vehicle's surface in straight motions (to avoid making fine swirl marks), remember to begin with the roof and work down the sides to the bottom of the vehicle. If the weather is hot, then soap the vehicle in small sections (I.E. a panel at a time), and then rinse immediately. If not, the heat can dry the soap onto the vehicle's paint.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Washing the Wheels</span><br /><br />It is highly recommended to use a different set of equipment (sponge, bucket etc.) for the wheels. This will reduce the risk of scratching other parts of the paint work, as the wheels are usually the dirtiest part of a vehicle.<br /><br />There are two common ways to clean the wheels of a vehicle.<br /><br />The first way is to clean them with soap and a wheel brush. The choice of brush rests largely on the design of the hubcaps or wheels.<br /><br />First, ensure that the wheels have been rinsed with water. Next, scrub them with the wheel brush being careful not scratch the hubcaps' paint. Note: hubcaps with grooves in them can contain a lot of brake dust, as can alloy wheels. These problem areas can require extra time and scrubbing.<br /><br />The second method is to use spray on, rinse off chemicals. Directions for these should be found on the bottle.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Rinsing and drying the vehicle</span><br /><br />An important step is rinsing all of the soap off of the vehicle. Begin at the top and spray downward to avoid splashing soap back up to the top of the vehicle. If your finish has a good coat of wax , make your final rinse with water of a moderate volume and low pressure about an inch above the surface rather than a high pressure spray. This will create a sheet of water producing fewer small water beads and will improve your drying results.<br /><br />Afterward, dry the vehicle with the a clean, plush microfiber towel. Microfiber towels are superior to chamois or terry towels and will prevent new scratches from appearing in the paint. As much as possible, dry the vehicle thoroughly including the nooks and crannies (door jambs, under the hood, trunk lid, etc) to prevent water spots and premature corrosion. It is not recommended to allow the vehicle to dry naturally as minerals in the water will be left behind as the water itself evaporates.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Polishing</span><br /><br />Many products are available on the market which claim to polish paint to restore luster. Some are more effective than others, consult your owners manual or vehicle manufacturer for a recommendation for your particular car. A popular polishing tool with many enthusiasts is the clay bar. Most polishes should be applied sparingly, usually no more than once or twice per year. Never use a polishing compound on a car with a clear coat. These compounds are far too abrasive and will remove the clear coat.<br /><br />To use a clay bar, the surface of the vehicle must always be lubricated. Never rub the bar on dry paint, it will scratch. Additionally, if the clay bar is dropped on the ground, it must be discarded. The contamination it picks up would subsequently be ground into the paint if it continues to be used.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Waxing</span><br /><br />Most car wash solutions claim to have wax in them, however the amount they contain is usually not enough to offer significant protection to your vehicle. It is therefore recommended that a "hard" wax be used. These can come in a variety of forms, including pastes, liquids, and sprays. If water applied to your paint forms very large droplets or does not bead at all, it should be waxed. A general rule of thumb is to apply wax when the beads become larger than 2.5 centimeters (1 in).<br /><br />Since there are a wide variety of products, follow the instructions for application on your particular product. Apply wax to one section of the car at a time, and let haze. Once this occurs, remove the wax by buffing with a folded microfiber towel. Changing to different folds often will make removal of the excess wax easier. After removal, it may be necessary to open the doors to remove wax residue at the edges of the panels.<div class="blogger-post-footer">************************************************************</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5856948384215097515.post-63740565382222556792009-02-14T19:34:00.000-08:002009-02-14T19:38:14.196-08:00Cleaning Kitchen* First remove everything. Then vacuum or dust off all crumbs. Then wet a white nylon backed sponge with cleaning solution and use the sponge side to go over the counter, including the backsplash. Let the solution set on the surface for a few minutes to soften hard droplets. Then, use the nylon side of the sponge as necessary to remove any stubborn stuff. Buff dry with a clean, lint free towel. If your countertops have lost their luster, try furniture polish or club soda to give a temporary shine to your kitchen.<br /> * Use a mild dishwashing liquid for plastic lamination and rinse well afterwards to prevent residue from getting on food.<br /><br />Coffee Stains<br /><br /> * To remove a coffee stain from fabric or a rug, try one of these methods:<br /> o Dip a white cloth into a beaten egg yolk and rub the yolk into the stain. Then rinse with clear water.<br /> o Work denatured alcohol into the stain, then rinse with water.<br /> o Apply a solution of 1/2 teaspoon mild detergent in a pint of water. Blot with a white towel. If the stain remains, apply a 50-50 solution of water and white vinegar and blot.<br /><br />Glassware<br /><br /> * Use the bartender's method for speedy stemware washing. Holding the base, pump the glass vigorously in very hot sudsy water, then quickly put it in hot clear water (cooler water may shatter it) Dry upside down on a cotton towel.<br /> * For extra-shiny, streakless glasses, add a little vinegar or borax to the final rinse water.<br /> * If glasses have hard-water stains, rub them with a scouring pad dipped in vinegar.<br /> * Never use hot water, harsh soaps, ammonia or washing soda on silver or gold-rimmed glasses.<br /> * A well-lathered shaving brush cleans deeply etched or hobnailed glass especially well.<br /> * If eggs have dried on your patterned glass tableware, rub off the residue with a slice of lemon.<br /><br />Garbage Disposal Tips<br /><br /> * If you've ever switched on the garbage disposal instead of the kitchen light, mark the switch with a dab of red nail polish.<br /> * If your dishwasher drains through your garbage disposal, switch it on when the hot soapy water is running through is so it gets a good cleaning.<br /><br />Miscellaneous Jobs<br /><br /> * Stainless Steel - To remove water spots on stainless steel, rub area with a clean, soft cloth dampened with white vinegar. Then wipe dry to avoid spots.<br /> * Heel Marks -Use a pencil eraser on black heel marks.<br /> * Dishwasher Soap Film - Run a cup of white vinegar through the entire dishwashing cycle in an empty dishwasher to remove all soap film.<br /> * Refrigerator Odors - A little vanilla poured on a piece of cotton and placed in the refrigerator will eliminate odors or after cleaning the refrigerator add a dash of lemon extract to the rinse water for a fresh scent.<br /> * Stuck on Food - For stuck on food on a casserole dish, try adding 2 tablespoons of baking soda and boiling water to cover the stuck on food. Let sit for a while. The dish will be much easier to clean.<div class="blogger-post-footer">************************************************************</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5856948384215097515.post-86749992865897405772009-02-14T18:58:00.001-08:002009-02-14T19:03:53.988-08:00Bathroom Cleaning TipsGeneral Tips<br /><br /> * Keep an all-purpose cleaner and a sponge in the guest bath so you can sneak away and clean up when unexpected company shows up.<br /> * Keep a squeegee in the shower so everyone can wipe it down when they are done.<br /> * Disinfectant can be used on everything in the bath except the mirror.<br /> * Don't forget doorknobs and switchplates.<br /> * Clean after a steamy bath or shower. The walls, fixtures, etc., will be much easier to clean because the steam will have loosened the dirt.<br /> * Wipe a stainless steel sink with vinegar or a touch of oil on a cloth to make the sink sparkle.<br /><br />Cleaning Toilet Bowl<br /><br /> * Clean the toilet bowl while you're away by pouring in 1/4 cup bleach and leaving it until you return.<br /> * Keep the toilet bowl ring-free by pouring a half-gallon of white vinegar in it once a month. Let it soak overnight before flushing.<br /> * Don't use bleach if you're already using a tank-held cleaner that's released when the toilet is flushed. The two may react chemically.<br /> * To avoid clogging and odors, pour one cup baking soda down the bowl weekly.<br /><br />Air Freshener<br /><br /> * For immediate air freshener in the bath, place a fabric softener sheet in the wastepaper basket or add a dab of fragrance on a light bulb. When the light is on, the heat releases the aroma.<br /> * To freshen drain, pour 1/4 to 1/2 box of baking soda down the drain, add 1/2 cup of white vinegar. Cover drain tightly for a few minutes and flush with cold water.<br /><br />Shower Doors<br /><br /> * Rub glass shower doors with a white vinegar-dampened sponge to remove soap residue.<br /> * To clean shower track door, pour full strength vinegar into the track, let soak for a few minutes, then rinse.<br /> * A coat of acrylic floor finish gives new shine to fiberglass shower doors and makes water spots disappear. Club soda will give new shine to your counter tops.<br /><br />Cleaning Shower Curtains<br /><br /> * Before hanging shower curtains, soak in salt water solutions to prevent mildew.<br /> * To remove mildew, wash in hot soapy water, rub with lemon juice and let the shower curtain dry in the sun.<br /> * For plastic curtains, clean with laundry pre-wash spray. Spray along the top, letting it run down to cover the curtain. Allow it to sit for a few minutes, then rinse it off.<div class="blogger-post-footer">************************************************************</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5856948384215097515.post-82512316821948838202009-02-11T17:29:00.000-08:002009-02-14T20:19:17.732-08:00Industrial cleaning procedureSAFETY NOTE<br /> <br />• Safety rules must be taken into account when using cleaning machine and other electrical equipment.<br />• Wear appropriate particle dust mask during preparation and respirator during application.<br />• Wear safety bell when working overhead.<br />• Always read MSDS (material safety data sheet) for all chemicals before using.<br /><br />I. PRECLEANING<br /><br />Pre-cleaning, this as it implies, removes the gross contaminants before starting pure cleaning. <br />Rubbish such as debris, the piece of broken devices and other solids will be collected manually and bring to gathering point. <br />With furniture, use feather duster, towels or even vacuum to remove dust on its surface.<br /><br />II. FINE CLEANING<br /><br />Fine cleaning or pure cleaning is final step of cleaning process. Care must be taken into account during this step since you may damage cleaned objects if you are careless. <br /><br />1. Cleaning glass<br /><br />General note<br />• Never combine an acid and an alkali to clean glass. One partially neutralizes the other and you waste these neutralized materials. Thus do not mix vinegar and ammonia<br />• Do not drip alkaline or alcohol solutions on painted or varnished woodwork as it can damage the finish. <br />• Do not drip cleaning solution on woodwork. <br />• Avoid washing windows in direct sunlight because they tend to streak and are more difficult to clean. <br /><br />Cleaning procedure<br />• Remove spot and the other stain such as dust, paint mark, grease… on glass surface and its frame by using specialized cleaning tools with dedicated chemicals solution such as ammonia, soda, alcohol… <br />• To remove hard water deposits and some soils, use a weak acid such as vinegar.<br />• Wring out a cloth, sponge, or chamois almost dry before wiping the glass surface. Dry the wet surface with paper towels, window wipes, or a chamois. Use rubber squeegees with long handles for large or high windows. When using a squeegee, stroke from top to bottom. Wipe the squeegee after each stroke. <br />• For glass which has had silver electro-deposited on the surface looks particularly unappealing when dirty, using liquid or cream silver-polish on a soft cloth and rubbing vigorously. <br /><br />2. Cleaning sanitation areas<br /><br />• Use brush and dedicated chemical solution to remove the spot and stain on all toilet parts (wall, lavabos, toilet seats, water taps….)<br />• Clean other equipments such as ventilation fans, hot water heaters… <br />• Clean lighting system such as light bulbs, light tubes…by using a clean cotton dust mop with Waterless Cleaner.<br />• Cleaning windows, window glass, doors… (see cleaning glass procedure)<br />• Use floor scraper, floor brush, wet mop and dedicated chemical solution to remove markings, stickers and other dirt such as soil, grease, gum …on floor. Using floor cleaning machine if needed.<br />• For the floor of toilet areas, see article (3): Cleaning and polishing floor<br /><br />3. Cleaning carpet, furniture, partition<br /><br />General note <br />• Keep windows and outside doors closed at all times during summer operations<br />• During unoccupied hours, turn exhaust fans off and close outside air dampers<br />• Keep lights on.<br />• Keep blinds open.<br />• Keep windows and doors closed.<br />• As a general note, carpets must be completely dry within 24 hours to ensure that mold growth does not occur.<br /><br />Cleaning procedure<br />• Prepare Room: <br />Pick up all large objects such as crayons, paper, books, boxes, and other solid before vacuuming. <br />Use the vacuum to vacuum the area prior to cleaning. Assemble all the equipment and supplies and take them to the area to be cleaned.<br />• Vacuum carpet, furniture, partition <br />Go over entire carpet, furniture, partition with the vacuum cleaner to remove dirt, sand, and dust. This procedure requires the movement of all furniture including bookcases, cabinets, boxes, etc. in order to set up the room for cleaning.<br />• Remove gum and spots <br />Remove all gum and spots using gum removers and spot removers.<br />• Cut loose pile <br />Loose and frail carpet pile shall be cut to prevent the loose end from getting caught in the vacuum cleaner brush or the extractor machine therefore preventing damage to the carpet and to the equipment.<br />• Vacuum along baseboards and corners <br />Use a vacuum hose with crevice tool along the edge of the carpet and in corners where the upright vacuum cannot reach. Remove dirt, sand, dust and all foreign matter. Follow up with the upright vacuum.<br />• Pre-treat carpets <br />Using a pressure sprayer with a carpet cleaning solution, spray soiled areas such as doorways and traffic lanes before extracting. For very heavy soiled doorways, follow pre-treatment with one or two passes with the extractor machine to loosen dirt for normal cleaning.<br />• Extract carpets <br />With the extractor, floor machine, go over entire carpet to clean and remove dirt, soil, grime and stains. Repeat this process as needed in order to restore carpet to a sanitary condition keeping in mind not to go over wet carpet.<br />• Remove excess water from carpet <br />Extract as much water as possible using the extractor machine. <br />• Scrub along baseboards and corners <br />Use a wedge mop or brush dipped in a pail of diluted cleaner solution and clean along baseboards, corners and other areas where the extractor or floor machine cannot get to.<br />• Clean carpet doormats <br />Same with cleaning procedure as carpets, after cleaning, place mats on non-carpeted surface to dry. Do not put mats back on wet carpet floors.<br />• Turn on floor fans <br />Set up fans in rooms to assist with the drying process.<br />• Reset furniture <br />Put all furniture, cabinets, boxes, etc. back in their original position.<br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">see Floor cleaning procedure on next post.</span><br /><br />Source: PACO standard procedure,<div class="blogger-post-footer">************************************************************</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5856948384215097515.post-91746479911214204632008-12-15T20:18:00.000-08:002008-12-15T20:28:14.925-08:00Tango Dancers from Argentina<object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/jmby9J42OfE&hl=en&fs=1"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/jmby9J42OfE&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object><br /><br />Argentine Tango<br /><br /><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/oN0o_ZgdCL0&hl=en&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/oN0o_ZgdCL0&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object><div class="blogger-post-footer">************************************************************</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5856948384215097515.post-67536304299453380072008-12-15T19:39:00.000-08:002008-12-15T19:42:51.157-08:00Bush Gets Caught In His Own LieSave the cost but it's never been stay the course...<br /><br /><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/-sulDYYAiCU&hl=en&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/-sulDYYAiCU&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object><div class="blogger-post-footer">************************************************************</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5856948384215097515.post-72842506675630875782008-12-15T19:30:00.000-08:002008-12-15T19:39:34.939-08:00Bush Dismisses Zaidi's Shoe Insult</div><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/gKFBE4Mu2WQ&hl=en&fs=1"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/gKFBE4Mu2WQ&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object>
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<br /><div class="yn-story-content"> <p>BAGHDAD (Reuters) – The Iraqi journalist who threw his shoes at <span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; cursor: pointer; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1229384435_0">U.S. President George W. Bush</span> has become the talk of Iraq, hailed by marchers as a national hero but blasted by the government as a barbarian.</p> <p> The little-known Shi'ite reporter, said to have harbored anger against Bush for the thousands of Iraqis who died after the 2003 U.S.-led invasion, had previously made headlines only once, when he was briefly kidnapped by gunmen in 2007.</p> <p> TV reporter Muntazer al-Zaidi remained in detention on Monday, accused by the Iraqi government of a "barbaric act." He would be sent for trial on charges of insulting the Iraqi state, said the prime minister's media adviser, Yasin Majeed.</p> <p> His employer, independent al-Baghdadiya television, demanded his release and demonstrators rallied for him in Baghdad's <span style="border-bottom: 1px dashed rgb(0, 102, 204); cursor: pointer;" class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1229384435_1">Sadr City</span>, in the southern Shi'ite stronghold of Basra and in the holy city of <span style="border-bottom: 1px dashed rgb(0, 102, 204); cursor: pointer;" class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1229384435_2">Najaf</span>, where some threw shoes at a U.S. convoy.</p> <p> "Thanks be to God, Muntazer's act fills Iraqi hearts with pride," his brother, Udai al-Zaidi, told Reuters Television.</p> <p> "I'm sure many Iraqis want to do what Muntazer did. Muntazer used to say all the orphans whose fathers were killed are because of Bush."</p> <p> <span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1229384435_3">Zaidi</span> shouted "this is a goodbye kiss from the Iraqi people, dog," at Bush in a news conference he held with Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki during a farewell visit to Baghdad on Sunday.</p> <p> The journalist then flung one shoe at Bush, forcing him to duck, followed by another, which sailed over Bush's head and slammed into the wall behind him. Throwing shoes at someone is the worst possible insult in the Arab world.</p> <p> Zaidi was dragged struggling and screaming from the room by security guards and could be heard shouting outside while the news conference continued after momentary mayhem.</p> <p> 'BARBARIC'</p> <p> The government said Zaidi had carried out "a barbaric and ignominious act" that was not fitting of the media's role and demanded an apology from his television station.</p> <p> Al-Baghdadiya television played endless patriotic music, with Zaidi's face plastered across the screen.</p> <p> A newscaster solemnly read out a statement calling for his release, "in accordance with the democratic era and the freedom of expression that Iraqis were promised by U.S. authorities."</p> <p> It said that any harsh measures taken against the reporter would be reminders of the "dictatorial era."</p> <p> The Iraqi Journalists' Syndicate said Zaidi's "far from professional" and irresponsible conduct had placed it in an "embarrassing and critical" situation. Nevertheless, it called on Maliki to release him for humanitarian reasons.</p> <p> "It was the throw of the century. I believe Bush deserves what happened to him because he has not kept his promises to Iraqis," said Baghdad resident Abu Hussein, 48.</p> <p> Parliamentary reaction was mixed, with some saying Zaidi chose the wrong venue for his protest. Others cheered.</p> <p> "Al-Zaidi's shoe is the most famous shoe in the whole world," said Fawzi Akram, a Turkman lawmaker loyal to anti-American Shi'ite cleric Moqtada al-Sadr. </p><p> A Libyan charity group chaired by leader <span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1229384435_4">Muammar Gaddafi</span>'s daughter, Aicha Gaddafi, gave Zaidi an award for bravery. </p><p>Zaidi, now in his late 20s, spent more than two days blindfolded, after armed men kidnapped him in November 2007. He said at the time that the kidnappers had beaten him until he lost consciousness, and used his necktie to blindfold him. </p><p> He never learned the identity of the kidnappers, who questioned him about his work but did not demand a ransom. </p><p>Colleagues say Zaidi resented Bush, blaming him for the bloodshed that ravaged Iraq. It did not appear that he had lost any close family members during the sectarian killings and insurgency, which in recent months have finally begun to wane. </p><p> (Additional reporting by Haidar Kadhim and Wissam Mohammed; Writing by Michael Christie; Editing by Dominic Evans)</p><p>From Yahoo News
<br /></p> <div class="blogger-post-footer">************************************************************</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5856948384215097515.post-75255989111407531052008-12-04T07:56:00.000-08:002008-12-04T08:24:41.691-08:00I'm My Own GrandpaRay Stevens<br /><br /><embed src="http://www.metacafe.com/fplayer/54702/im_my_own_grandpa.swf" wmode="transparent" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="400" height="345"></embed><br /><br /><br />Many, many years ago when I was twenty-three<br />I was married to a widow who was pretty as could be<br />This widow had a grownup daughter who had hair of red<br />My father fell in love with her, and soon they too were wed<br /><br />This made my Dad my son-in-law and really changed my life<br />For now my daughter was my mother, 'cause she was my father's wife<br />And to complicate the matter, even though it brought me joy,<br />I soon became the father of a bouncing baby boy<br /><br />My little baby then became a brother-in-law to Dad<br />And so became my uncle, though it made me very sad<br />For if he were my uncle, then that also made him brother<br />Of the widow's grownup daughter, who was of course my stepmother<br /><br />Father's wife then had a son who kept them on the run<br />And he became my grandchild, for he was my daughter's son<br />My wife is now my mother's mother, and it makes me blue<br />Because although she is my wife, she's my grandmother too<br /><br />Now if my wife is my grandmother, then I'm her grandchild<br />And every time I think of it, it nearly drives me wild<br />'Cause now I have become the strangest case you ever saw<br />As husband of my grandmother, I am my own grandpa<br /><br /> I'm my own grandpa,<br /> I'm my own grandpa,<br /> It sounds funny, I know<br /> But it really is so<br /> I'm my own grandpa<div class="blogger-post-footer">************************************************************</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5856948384215097515.post-3263551046941859672008-12-03T00:38:00.000-08:002008-12-03T03:24:04.135-08:00FLANGE TYPES (Part1)<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPEQwwa34VlTgP7zpbJNFw7KAP4Oj5kzd6P8x_IC-ajOWw8W-YFTENhO_HMGEoeMuV2b3RacchztQg2eVFm6uakYmnlF6QKBKJwJh4m6HEMVzs0gdoZZ_fyPT8tPoZ-NQol180f2jl9SWj/s1600-h/wn-fg1.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 249px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPEQwwa34VlTgP7zpbJNFw7KAP4Oj5kzd6P8x_IC-ajOWw8W-YFTENhO_HMGEoeMuV2b3RacchztQg2eVFm6uakYmnlF6QKBKJwJh4m6HEMVzs0gdoZZ_fyPT8tPoZ-NQol180f2jl9SWj/s400/wn-fg1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5275522652602348706" border="0" /></a>
<br /><div style="text-align: center;">Figure 1
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<br /></span> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">Flanges have been designed and developed to be used in a myriad of applications. Each one has its own special characteristics, and should be carefully selected to meet specific function requirements. The following flanges will be discussed in this chapter: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">• weld neck <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">• threaded <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">• socket weld<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">• slip-on<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">• lap-joint<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">• reducing<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">• blind<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">• orifice<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="">NOTE: </span></i><span style="">A photograph and short description accompanies each flange as well as symbols to depict the flange as it would appear on a drawing. The manual and <b>AutoCAD</b> techniques for creating the drawing symbols are shown for the weld neck flange only. The drawing symbols for the remaining flanges can be created in a similar fashion with only a few minor alterations. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="">
<br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="">Weld Neck Flange<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">The <i>weld neck flange </i>shown in Figure -1 is occasionally referred to as the “high-hub” flange. It is designed to reduce high-stress concentrations at the base of the flange by transferring stress to the adjoining pipe. Although expensive, the weld neck flange is the best-designed butt weld flange available because of its inherent structural value and ease of assembly. Known for its strength and resistance to dishing, the weld neck flange is manufactured with a long tapered hub. The tapered hub is created by the gradual increase in metal thickness from the weld joint to the flange facing. The symmetrical taper transition is extremely beneficial under conditions of repeated bending caused by line expansion, contraction, or other external forces.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaluQNOnfolnhieJMn_TFnQj5A6kc-9IT6Y-_h6iiNOtBFkC1O-DA8A2z0Xe1iNJta1t4dAs_6W_HITu3STZQyKsMoGY7ztBjoOLNKTRh_zoahtwbmzfMPCwy4jh5r8NX2-HKBsmjjaWCs/s1600-h/fl+symbol.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 433px; height: 197px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaluQNOnfolnhieJMn_TFnQj5A6kc-9IT6Y-_h6iiNOtBFkC1O-DA8A2z0Xe1iNJta1t4dAs_6W_HITu3STZQyKsMoGY7ztBjoOLNKTRh_zoahtwbmzfMPCwy4jh5r8NX2-HKBsmjjaWCs/s400/fl+symbol.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5275520704606289842" border="0" /></a></p><p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal">Figure-2</p><p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal">
<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> See Figure-2, for weld neck flange drawing symbols. Weld neck flanges are normally used in severe service applications involving high pressures, high temperatures, or sub-zero conditions. Weld neck flanges are bored to match the ID of the adjoining pipe. In other words, the thinner the wall of the pipe, the larger the bore (hole) through the flange. The thicker the wall of the pipe, the smaller the bore. Because of these matching IDs, there is no restriction to the flow. Turbulence an <span style=""> </span>erosion are therefore eliminated. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="">Drawing the Weld Neck Flange<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">Prior to constructing the manual and <b>AutoCAD </b>symbols, certain dimensional information must be provided.<b> </b>These dimensions can be found on the welded fittings–flanges dimensioning chart shown in Figure 3<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">The figure in this chart represents the raised face weld neck flange.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuUpo_aFQWVxG0aWkyBLN2juFbPk7oaCtGZrxbrAW7tcqLatGCLvVbdbF4M96jbyNSFJ5FpD7qUW8t00kYX6Rg4FJTwZisZkTaFF8_LrAY6AVGXYeC2AFRasQeaUX4T1iQtO7ZE2DkBq98/s1600-h/fg4-10.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 439px; height: 100px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuUpo_aFQWVxG0aWkyBLN2juFbPk7oaCtGZrxbrAW7tcqLatGCLvVbdbF4M96jbyNSFJ5FpD7qUW8t00kYX6Rg4FJTwZisZkTaFF8_LrAY6AVGXYeC2AFRasQeaUX4T1iQtO7ZE2DkBq98/s400/fg4-10.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5275522645883944242" border="0" /></a>
<br /><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">Notice the three dimensions: O, T, and L. The <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>dimension represents the flange’s OD. The T defines the flange’s face thickness and the L provides the flange’s length or length-thru hub dimension. These three dimensions are required to construct the drawing symbols of each flange. To find the numerical values for these dimensions, locate the appropriate pound rating section, that is, 150#<span style=""> </span>300#, etc. Find the proper size pipe in the Nominal Pipe Size column. Follow across the chart to determine the O, T, and L dimensions. For our demonstration, we will be using a 14-300# raised face weld neck (RFWN) flange. You should find the O, T, and L measurements for this flange to be 23_, 2 _, and 5 _ respectively. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">Two step-by-step methods will be presented for constructing the weld neck flange. Figure bellow demonstrates steps using manual drafting techniques. This figure presents the steps using AutoCAD commands. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <div class="blogger-post-footer">************************************************************</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5856948384215097515.post-50553607088332637672008-12-03T00:31:00.000-08:002008-12-03T00:38:25.450-08:00FLANGE FACINGSThe mating surface of a flange, nozzle, or valve is called the face. The face is usually machined to create a smooth surface. This smooth surface will help assure a leak-proof seal when two flanges are bolted together with a gasket sandwiched between. Although numerous types of flange faces are produced, we will focus only on the following three:<br /><br />• flat face<br />• raised face<br />• ring-type joint<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Flat face</span><br /><br />As the name implies, flanges with flat faces are those that have a flat, level connecting surface (see Figure). Forged steel flanges with a flat face flange are commonly found in 150# and 300# ratings. Their principal use is to make connections with 125# and 250# cast iron flanges, respectively. Attaching steel pipe to the cast iron flanges found on some valves and mechanical equipment always presents a problem because of the brittle nature of cast iron. Using a flat face flange will assure full surface contact, thereby reducing the possibility of cracking the softer cast iron. Figure 4-3 shows a sectional view of flange with a flat face. <br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Raised Face </span><br /><br />The most common face type in use, the raised face is available in all seven of the aforementioned pound ratings. Appropriately named, this flange face has a prominent raised surface. With shallow grooves etched into the raised surface, this flange face assures a positive grip with the gasket. Flanges rated 150# and 300# have a raised face, while flanges 400# and above have a ¼ raised face (see Figure). It is important to note most dimensioning charts, including the ones provided in this text include the raised face thickness in the length dimensions for 150# and 300# flanges. However, the ¼ raised face thickness is not always included in the length dimensions for 400# and higher pound ratings. To assure accurate dimensioning, always determine if the dimensioning chart being used includes the ¼ raised face thickness for the larger pound rating flanges. The ¼ raised face thickness must be added to the dimensioning chart measurement to obtain the overall flange length if the dimensioning chart indicates it has not been added. Figure 4-5 includes a sectional view of a weld neck flange having a raised face.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Ring-Type Joint</span><br /><br />Also known simply as ring joint, the ring-type joint does not use a gasket to form a seal between connecting flanges. Instead a round metallic ring is used that rests in a deep groove cut into the flange face (see Figure). The donut-shaped ring can be oval or octagonal in design. As the bolts are tightened, the metal ring is compressed, creating a tight seal.<br />Although it is the most expensive, the ring-type joint is considered to be the most efficient flange used in process piping systems. The ring and g oove design actually uses internal pressures to enhance the sealing capacity of the connecting flanges. The superiority of this seal can have its disadvantages, however. When dismantling ring joint connections, the flanges must be forcibly separated to release the ring from the groove. In crowded installations, this could cause major problems. Because of this, the ring joint flange is relegated to applications where space for maintenance and replacement are adequate.<br />Although available for all pound ratings, flanges with ring-type joint faces are normally used in piping systems rated 400# and higher. See Figure 4-7 for the sectional view of a flange with a ring-type joint face.<div class="blogger-post-footer">************************************************************</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5856948384215097515.post-7547551378108837502008-12-02T23:14:00.000-08:002008-12-03T00:31:01.773-08:00Flange Rating<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///c:%5Ctemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="themeData" href="file:///c:%5Ctemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///c:%5Ctemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> 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div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">Rating, as applied to flanges, may best be defined as the maximum pressure allowed by the pressure piping code for the specific temperature at which the flange will be operating. Flanges and nozzles are sized according to pressure ratings established by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). These pressure ratings, sometimes called <i>pound ratings</i>, are divided into seven categories for forged steel flanges. They are 150#, 300#, 400#, 600#, 900#, 1500#, and 2500#. Cast iron flanges have pound ratings of 25#, 125#, 250#, and 800#. Pound ratings, when combined with the temperature of the commodity within the pipe, are used to select the appropriate size, rating, and type of flange. This pressure/ temperature relationship will allow any given flange to be used in a number of different applications. For example, a 150# forged steel flange is rated to perform at 150# PSIG at 500°F. If the temperature were decreased to 100°F, this same flange could be used for 275# PSIG. However, if the temperature were increased to 750°F, the flange could only be used for 100# PSIG. As you can see, the pressure/temperature relationship is important. When temperature decreases the allowable pressure increases, and vice versa. Pound ratings are also used to establish the outside diameter and thickness of a flange. Typically as pound ratings increase, so will the flange’s diameter and thickness. <span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <div class="blogger-post-footer">************************************************************</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5856948384215097515.post-50374240533491431492008-12-02T23:10:00.000-08:002008-12-02T23:14:12.301-08:00PDS JOB NOTE NO.1 EQUIPMENT MODELING INSTRUCTIONSEquipment shall be modeled to the latest data sheets using Parametrics whenever possible. If a suitable Equipment form is not available for a particular item of equipment, then modeling shall be performed using primitives or user defined shapes (JGC customized shapes).<br /><br />Do not use primitive nozzles on the Start equipment form, as these will not report correctly. All equipment nozzles should be placed with Nozzle Manipulation.<br /><br /><br />The following items should be considered when modeling equipment:<br /><br />• The level of detailing of vendor packaged units and other complicated items must be sufficient to satisfy clash requirements.<br /><br />• Meet all the requirements for interference detection, including access, maintenance, safety and construction envelopes.<br /><br />• Ensure equipment is recognizable for Design Review.<br /><br />• Always put in a description of the equipment (equip_descr_1)<br /><br />• Always put in source of information used, revision status, and date under equip_descr_2.<br /><br />• Always put in the largest thickness for shell thickness when given multiple thickness.<br /><br />• Always put in insulation/fireproofing requirements.<br /><br />• Always try to place equipment by the placement point it is located by on the plot plan.<br /><br />• Every piece of equipment should have a minimum of one datum point.<br /><br />• Add datum points when required for aiding nozzle placement.<br /><br />• Add all nozzles, access openings, sleeves and manways.<br /><br />• Always put in nozzle service.<br /><br />• Nozzle length should be face of flange to center of vessel or face of flange to tan line.<br /><br />• Add all vessel davits.<br />• Add all vessel platforms and handrails.<br /><br />• Build all equipment shown in the equipment list for your area.<br /><br />• Make a ‘hold list’ for your area with any equipment on hold or for which you are lacking information and update it when necessary.<div class="blogger-post-footer">************************************************************</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5856948384215097515.post-78911440303937267542008-11-28T20:01:00.000-08:002008-11-28T20:13:43.350-08:00Windows XP: “you may be a victim of software counterfeiting”<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" 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mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoHeader" style=""><span lang="EN-AU">After updating for Microsoft Windows XP you are prompted with a “Your software is counterfeit” error message at startup. Even after visiting the www.microsoft.com/genuine/ site and validating, you still get the above message popping up after 2 or 3 boots. There is a holow blue star in system tray and the message “you may be a victim of software counterfeiting” appears every few minutes. Desktop wallpaper move into dark color. </span></p> <p class="MsoHeader" style=""><span lang="EN-AU"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoHeader" style=""><span lang="EN-AU">There is some solutions to this and I would like you to follow the steps below to fix the issue. </span></p> <p class="MsoHeader" style=""><span lang="EN-AU"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoHeader" style=""><span lang="EN-AU">1. Reboot and login with safe mode (press f8 continuously and select safe mode) </span></p> <p class="MsoHeader" style=""><span lang="EN-AU"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoHeader" style=""><span lang="EN-AU">2. Navigate to c:\windows\system32\ folder and delete (or rename) following file: wgatray.exe, wgatray.exe, <i>Note: Dllcache is a hidden folder, to view hidden folders do the following, go to Start, Control Panel, Folder Options, Select the view Tab and under the Hidden Files option, select Show hidden files and folders</i> </span></p> <p class="MsoHeader" style=""><span lang="EN-AU"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoHeader" style=""><span lang="EN-AU">3. Click on Start, Run and within the open dialog box type regedit and click OK. </span></p> <p class="MsoHeader" style=""><span lang="EN-AU">* Within the Registry Editor navigate to HKEY_Local_Machine\Software\Microsoft\WindowsNT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon\Notify\WGALOGON </span></p> <p class="MsoHeader" style=""><span lang="EN-AU">* Right Click and Export the WGALOGON Folder (this should be saved onto your machine for backup purposes)</span></p> <p class="MsoHeader" style=""><span lang="EN-AU"><span style=""> </span>* After Exporting the folder, DELETE the WGALOGON folder </span></p> <p class="MsoHeader" style=""><span lang="EN-AU"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoHeader" style=""><span lang="EN-AU">4. Close all applications and restart your machine back to normal mode </span></p> <p class="MsoHeader" style=""><span lang="EN-AU">Good luck.</span></p> <div class="blogger-post-footer">************************************************************</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5856948384215097515.post-51497957895352371182008-11-28T06:42:00.000-08:002008-11-28T06:46:33.032-08:00Installation suggestions and use of dial indicators for centrifugal pump<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///c:%5Ctemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="themeData" href="file:///c:%5Ctemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///c:%5Ctemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> 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New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-AU; mso-fareast-language:EN-AU;} .MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; font-size:10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="">1. <span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="">Nonferrous shim packs should be installed under all feet of the pump and driver, particularly<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">when installing a new pump. The amount should be 0.125 to 0.250 in (3.175 to 6.35 mm) in no more than three pieces to start; for example, one 0.125-in (3.175 mm) and two 0.0625-in (1.59-mm) full shims of stainless steel.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="">2. <span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="">Motors have four feet generally, and any “soft foot” should be compensated first. A soft<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">foot is one that is shorter than the other two or three feet, a condition that puts a twist or strain in the equipment. Simply place a dial indicator stem vertically against the motor foot and release the hold-down bolts sequentially around the unit, recording and retightening at each step. If a 0.002-in (0.050-mm) spring-up occurs on three feet, for example, and 0.006 in (0.152 mm) occurs on the fourth foot, add 0.004 in (0.10 mm) of shim to the fourth foot, eliminating the soft foot.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="">3. <span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="">Provide low-sag tooling to reach over the coupling (coupling left in place) for reverse<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">indicator alignment. A 0.001- to 0.0015-in (0.025- to 0.038-mm) sag is easy to accomplish<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">on indicator reach bars.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="">4. <span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="">Let the indicator indicate on its own bracket or bracket pin, thus preventing any poor<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">surface condition of shaft or coupling from contributing to poor measurements.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="">5. <span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="">Support the dial indicator weight on the motor or pump shaft so it does not contribute<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">to “reach bar” sag.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="">6. <span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="">Do not overlook the fact that many times one can clamp to the shaft behind each coupling<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">hub and obtain more span and therefore better accuracy.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="">7. <span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="">Record all data looking the <i>same </i>way down the unit; that is, top east, bottom, west <i>or<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">top, north bottom, south <i>or </i>top, right bottom, left. It is suggested that the driver-pump<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">always be viewed from the driver end.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="">8. <span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="">Turn the shafts in the direction they normally turn and approach the 90° points in<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">a precise manner (do not back up and introduce backlash errors). Turning in the normal<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">direction is good training because, on gear units, it reduces helix angle lift<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">errors.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <div class="blogger-post-footer">************************************************************</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0